Children's Health
Remember that children, marriages, and flower gardens reflect the kind of care they get.
H. Jackson Brown, Jr.
Urinary Tract Infections
What is a urinary tract infection?
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is caused by bacteria that get into the bladder. UTIs are very common in children, particularly in little girls, and tend to keep coming back. Some children are prone to get UTIs because of a tendency that runs in the family. The infections recur because the bacteria stick to the skin around the opening to the bladder (the urethra) in some people, and then get into the bladder. All UTIs start as a bladder infection, and then may spread to the kidney.
What are the symptoms?
The symptoms of UTI may include some of the following: fever, back (flank) pain, lower abdominal pain, burning with urination, blood in the urine, frequent or urgent urination, wetting pants or bed or foul-smelling urine. Infants may have only fever, irritability and/or poor feeding. Older children may complain of problems with urination. Many of these signs can be seen with other types of problems; therefore, it is very important that a urine specimen be obtained for culture, to grow and identify any bacteria that are present and to find out what medicine is best to treat the infection.
How do I collect urine for a urinalysis and culture?
In babies who are not potty trained, urine is collected by using a bag that covers the genitals, by passing a catheter (tube) into the bladder or by passing a needle through the skin into the bladder. Older children urinate into a sterile cup. When a child urinates into a cup, it is most helpful if the child starts urinating first into the toilet, then finishes in the cup. Also, girls should spread their legs and, if possible or with help, spread the lips around the urethral opening.
What problems can make UTIs worse?
Children who have blockage (obstruction) of the urinary tract may be more likely to get severe infections that can damage the kidney(s). Also, children who do not empty their bladder completely or who have reflux, a condition in which urine from the bladder goes back up into the kidney, are more likely to have the infection spread to the kidney and cause kidney damage. That’s why any child with a history of UTI should have a kidney ultrasound and bladder X-ray (VCUG, see below) to identify these problems.
How is a UTI tested?
An ultrasound of the kidney is a painless procedure that is done by passing a probe over the skin overlying the kidneys and bladder. The ultrasound tells us if both kidneys are present, if a kidney may be obstructed and if the bladder empties normally. A second test, the bladder X-ray or voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) involves putting a catheter (tube) into the bladder, filling it with dye and taking X-rays. This test tells us if urine goes back up into the kidneys (reflux). This test is important since reflux cannot be seen on an ultrasound. If these 2 tests show a problem with your child’s urinary tract, a kidney scan may be performed to test how well the kidney works and/or drains. A scan involves injecting a small amount of a radionuclide tracer into a vein and taking pictures of the kidneys for up to several hours. The tracer is harmless and bad reactions have not been reported.
What are the treatments for UTIs?
When we suspect a UTI is present, we will start your child on an antibiotic until the final urine culture result is ready about 2 days later. We may treat your child for 3-14 days, depending on the type and severity of the infection. After your child finishes all the antibiotic, a repeat urine specimen should be sent to make sure that treatment worked. If the X-rays are abnormal, we may recommend either long-term preventative treatment (a low dose of antibiotic at bedtime) or surgery. However, we generally do not recommend looking into the bladder (cystoscopy) or dilating the urethra. When the X-rays are normal, the risk of kidney infection and damage is usually very low and we will treat each new UTI as it occurs. It is important to remember that bladder infections may be annoying but in general do not result in long-term problems for your child. However, when UTIs are frequent and/or with fever we will probably recommend once-a-day antibiotics for several months to allow the bladder to fully recover.
How do I prevent UTIs?
Some children will continue to get UTIs no matter what we do, but others may benefit from a few tips. First, children should be encouraged to drink a reasonable amount of fluid during the day and go to the bathroom at least every 3-4 hours — even if they do not feel the need to void this often. When constipation is present, it should be treated by changing to a high-fiber diet or with fiber supplements or other treatments, if severe.